Here at Plant Therapy, we are committed to making sure you have the information you need to safely and effectively use all of your essential oils. Due to the volatile and highly concentrated nature of essential oils, comprehensive and understandable guidelines on their appropriate dilution is critical to ensure everyone’s safety.

Safety and essential oil dilution are inextricably connected to one another. Using an essential oil directly out of the bottle, without diluting it first, can quickly become a one-way ticket to sensitized, irritated skin, or worse. According to world-renowned Essential Oil Safety Expert Robert Tisserand, essential oil dilution has two primary safety concerns. “One, to avoid skin reactions: irritation, sensitization, and phototoxicity. Two, to avoid systemic toxicity, such as fetotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and neurotoxicity. Adverse skin reactions are obvious when they happen, but systemic toxicities may not be. Skin reactions are totally dilution-dependent, and safety guidelines exist to minimize the risk.”

Simply put, we dilute essential oils before applying to the skin to minimize adverse reactions and systemic toxicity. Applying undiluted essential oils to your skin can easily cause short term or long term adverse reactions, and there is no good reason to take the risk.

Diluting not only saves your skin, but your bank account will appreciate it, too. Diluting with a carrier oil before applying to your skin prevents the essential oil from evaporating as fast as it would if not used with a carrier oil. This reduction in volatility means that more of the essential oil’s therapeutic properties are able to absorb into your skin, it can be spread over a larger area, and you will use less essential oil overall.

While carrier oils seem like the obvious choice for carrying essential oils, they are not your only option. Lotions, creams, butters, shampoos, conditioners, castile soap, and aloe jellies are fantastic choices to dilute your oils, and many of these products may include natural preservatives, which may suit your needs.

Plant Therapy aligns its dilution rate to the Tisserand Institute’s recommendations. These values are approximate and have been rounded to whole drops. Please keep in mind that “drops” are not an exact measurement since the drops depend on the size of the orifice reducer and the viscosity of the oil. Also, the dilution rates presented here do not imply that each rate is safe for all essential oils in all situations.

This rate is recommended for children over the age of 2, facial applications, long term use, daily use, and accessing the subtle energetic effects of the oil.

This rate is recommended for children, bath and whole body products, and is great for regular daily use of an oil.

Many of our KidSafe blends have dilution recommendations that range from 2-5%. These dilutions are fine to use with children under the age of 10 for spot treatment or acute situations. We do always recommend starting on the low end of dilution recommendations and then working your way up as needed.

• 10 mL/ 2 tsp = 6 drops
• 15 mL/ 3 tsp/ 1 tbsp = 9 drops
• 30 mL/ 6 tsp/ 2 tbsp/ 1 oz = 18 drops

This rate is recommended for specific localized discomfort.

• 10 mL/ 2 tsp = 9 drops
• 15 mL/ 3 tsp/ 1 tbsp = 13 drops
• 30 mL/ 6 tsp/ 2 tbsp/ 1 oz = 27 drops

This rate is recommended for short term use for a specific concern, no longer than two weeks.

• 10 mL/ 2 tsp = 15 drops
• 15 mL/ 3 tsp/ 1 tbsp = 22 drops
• 30 mL/ 6 tsp/ 2 tbsp/ 1 oz = 45 drops

This rate is recommended for small areas of concern and acute situations.

• 10 mL/ 2 tsp = 30 drops
• 15 mL/ 3 tsp/ 1 tbsp = 45 drops
• 30 mL/ 6 tsp/ 2 tbsp/ 1 oz = 90 drops

A good rule of thumb is to use one drop of essential oil per teaspoon of carrier oil for a 1% dilution. For a 0.50% dilution, because you cannot measure half of one drop, increase the amount of carrier oil used. If you are unable to add more carrier oil, round down to get a whole number for you essential oil drops. For example, 1.5 drops would become 1 drop. Use the dilution chart below or check out our comprehensive dilution chart.

Children have thin, porous skin that readily absorbs anything topically applied. We do not recommend essential oils be used topically on premature infants, but you can use essential oils sparingly with full-term infants. The dilution for full-term infants, ages 0-3 months, is 0.10% to 0.20%. This equals 1-2 drops of essential oil per 1 ounce of carrier when being used for whole body application. For spot usage, you can use 3-9 drops of essential oil per 1 ounce of carrier.

Additionally, we recommend that anyone wanting to use essential oils on children under the age of two years consult with a Certified Aromatherapist or medical professional to help you decide if this is the safest and most effective course of action.

For children ages 3-24 months, we recommend a general dilution of 0.25%-0.5%. This equals 2-4 drops of essential oil per 1 ounce of carrier when being used for whole-body application. For spot usage, you can use 9-27 drops of essential oil per 1 ounce carrier.

For children ages 2-6 years, we recommend a general dilution of 1%-2%. This equals 9-18 drops of essential oil per 1 ounce of carrier when being used for whole-body application. For spot usage, you can use 9-45 drops of essential oil per 1 ounce of carrier.

The dilutions recommended on this chart are for whole-body applications using our KidSafe essential oils and blends only. For both adults and children, we recommend starting with a lower dilution and adding more for specific applications when needed.

If you still want to use an undiluted essential oil topically, please get advice from a Certified Aromatherapist first. There are some specific situations where using oils neat may be appropriate, however, err on the side of caution. A sudden burn after touching a hot pan or a stinging bug bite are both examples of acute, short-term issues where using an oil neat may be beneficial. If this is the case, receive professional guidance on safe usage. Not only can some essential oils irritate the skin, but you will increase your risk for sensitization. Please note that we always urge safe, conservative use of essential oils so that you can continue to reap the benefits of these wonderful tools without creating additional problems.  

If you are on a course of treatment with prescribed medication, have epilepsy or asthma, have a compromised immune system, are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have any doubts about how an essential oil may negatively affect your health, seek advice from your physician.

When it comes to essential oils, the saying “I’d rather be safe than sorry” should be taken seriously. Applying essential oils directly to your skin without proper dilution increases the risk of adverse reactions significantly. Keeping safe use of essential oils in mind, always use the lowest dilution possible that gives you effective results.

If you are concerned about a negative reaction to a new essential oil, we recommend conducting a patch test. For first time use of an essential oil, a safe practice is to place a drop of diluted essential oil to a small area of skin, such as the inside elbow. After application, be aware of adverse reactions for the first 24 hours. Possible reactions include skin irritation, headache, nausea, respiratory complaints, or dizziness.

**The advice shared is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any illness or disease nor is it intended to replace proper medical advice. When using essential oils we always recommend you consult with your doctor.

Looking for more information on essential oil dilution? Check out these in-depth educational pieces from the Tisserand Institute.

• How to Use Essential Oils Safely
• New Survey Reveals Dangers of Not Diluting Essential Oils
• Bath Safety: How to Use Essential Oils in the Bath

There is so much terminology that relates to essential oils, and it can be difficult to find decent definitions. So for that, we decided to create a definitive Essential Oil Glossary to help clear up any confusion. You’ll also find links to more in-depth explanations and product examples. This is your one-stop-shop to learn what it means when we use words like, “Chemotype” and, “Estrogenic”. Enjoy!

Absolutes are similar to essential oils but are more costly to produce and create oils whose fragrances are closer to that of the original plant. To create an absolute, we use a solvent like alcohol to extract the beneficial oil instead of steam distillation. This method is for delicate plant material that’s difficult to distill. A couple of absolutely fantastic examples of absolutes are Rose and Jasmine.

Originating in the ancient societies of Egypt, China, and India, aromatherapy has been practiced for thousands of years. Also known as essential oil therapy, it’s a holistic approach to promoting health and well-being. This is the practice that uses aromatic essential oils to improve the body, mind, and spirit. It’s kind of our thing.

A blend, or synergy, is simply a mixture of essential oils, carefully crafted by our aromatherapists to use in a diffuser or diluted in a carrier and applied to your skin.

This can also be referred to as the “scientific name”. A botanical name is written in Latin and identifies the genus and the specific species of a plant. The first word is the genus, that is, the larger group the plant belongs to, and the second word is the species. The botanical name for Bergamot, for instance, is Citrus bergamia.

The Master Gardener Program has an incredibly informative break-down of botanical names here.

When not diluted properly, essential oils have the potential to be dangerous. They can have what’s called “systemic toxicity” leading to cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Some essential oils have naturally occurring chemical constituents that, when used or taken in large doses, have the potential to cause or induce cancer. Some of these constituents include safrole, methyl chavicol, and methyl eugenol. This is one of many reasons why proper dilutions are important when using essential oils.

• How to Dilute Essential Oils: A Comprehensive Guide

Essential oils aren’t supposed to be applied directly to the skin undiluted because they can cause rashes, burns, and more dangerous side-effects. That’s why carrier oils are so important — they carry the oils safely so that you can use them topically. A carrier oil is derived from the fatty portion of a plant, usually from seeds, nuts, or kernels. Each one has its own therapeutic properties that can enhance the benefits of the essential oils that you dilute in them.

• A Deep Dive Into Carrier Oils
• Carrier Oil Selections

A chemotype is a way of saying that the same plant can have different types of chemicals. Most essential oils don’t have different chemotypes, but when they do, it’s important to note because the chemotype determines their therapeutic properties. These variations usually occur when the same plant is grown in different environments. Thyme, for instance, has six chemotypes that have different effects on the body and mind. We currently sell two variations: Thyme Thymol, and Thyme Linalool. “Thymol” and “Linalool” are their chemotypes.

• Importance of the Latin Name

Also known as “expression” or “mechanical separation,” cold-pressing is a way to extract essential oils without using heat. As the name suggests, the aromatic parts of plants (peels and rinds, for instance) are punctured and pressed without heat to squeeze out the essential oils. Centrifugal forces are used to separate and capture the oils after pressing.

Common names are layman’s terms for our essential oils and the plants they are extracted from. It would be difficult to have to say, “Tanacetum annuum” every time we wanted to talk about Blue Tansy. Imagine using Latin names for our DIY videos: “Mix Juniperus communis (Juniper Berry) with Elettaria Cardamomum (Cardamom) and Vetiveria zizanioides (Vetiver) . . .” That doesn’t exactly roll off the tongue, does it?

Constituents are individual parts of a whole. Caffeine is a chemical constituent in coffee, for instance. Each essential oil is packed full of diverse constituents that lend different fragrances and therapeutic benefits to the whole. If you’re looking for an oil that can help you relax before bed, for example, you might want one that has a high level of the constituent Linalool (Thyme, Basil, Lavindin, etc. ). Our GC/MS reports show all of the constituents (above 1%) provided by our essential oils.

CO2 extracts are still essential oils, just collected in a different way. This extraction method uses liquid carbon dioxide as a solvent to remove the oil from plant material. Through CO2 extraction, precious oils are collected at a much lower temperature, meaning that less oil (and it’s beneficial properties) are lost in the process. The fragrances of CO2 extracts are more like the scent of the actual plants that the oils are taken from.

• CO2 Extracts: What’s all the Buzz About?

Most diffusers on the market are ultrasonic. It’s a simple technology with a cool name that uses electronic frequencies to vibrate a small disk at the bottom of the diffuser. By vibrating, the disk produces a fine mist that makes your essential oils airborne so that you can fill any space with their fragrances and benefits.

• How to Use an Essential Oil Diffuser
• Plant Therapy’s Diffusers

A dilution of 1% would mean that out of every 100 drops in a carrier, one drop would be an essential oil. Essential oils are composed of hundreds, if not thousands, of different chemicals that make up the overall oil. It’s these different chemical constituents that give the essential oils their “magic powers”, but also what makes them potentially dangerous. We dilute essential oils because applying them undiluted can lead to adverse reactions.

• Why Can’t I Apply Essential Oils Undiluted

We all learned in grade school that water and oil don’t mix. So how can you enjoy essential oils in your bath, or in cleaning sprays, and hand soaps? For that, you need an emulsifier. The molecules in an emulsifier have two portions: one is attracted to water and the other is attracted to oil. The end result is that emulsifiers act as a sort of glue between the oil and water molecules keeping them bound together. Otherwise, your oils would just sit on top of the water and never mix.

• What Is an Emulsifier and Why Do I Need It?

Essential oils capture the “essence” of a plant through distillation or mechanical pressing. Essentially, these oils are concentrated extracts that retain, or magnify the fragrance and effect of their source. Oils from different plants or different parts of the same plant can have very different chemical compositions, which changes the smell, absorption, and effect on the body and mind.

• Essential Oils 101

We pull essences from the pulp or the peel of citrus fruits. During the final phase of juice production, volatile oils float to the top of the concentrate. We collect and distill those oils to create an essence. Their scent is generally more intense than their essential oil cousins.

• Isolates, Essential Oils, Essences

Estrogen is a naturally occurring hormone and isn’t a bad thing, but your body needs to have a healthy balance. Too much or too little can be problematic. In basic terms, something that is estrogenic can mimic or enhance the body’s level of estrogen. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, estrogenic oils should be avoided because your levels are already high, and adding to that can have detrimental effects. If you have certain conditions such as endometriosis, or estrogen-sensitive cancer, you should also steer clear of estrogenic essential oils.

• Essential Oils and Women’s Health

The “GC” stands for Gas Chromatography and the “MS” means Mass Spectrometry. Essentially, these two methods of measurement and analysis separate, identify, and quantify the individual constituents in each batch of our essential oils. This process is incredibly important for quality control, as it helps us ensure that our products contain no synthetic substances, contaminants, or adulterants.

• GCMS Testing and Why it’s Important

With steam distillation, steam passes through the plant matter and takes the oils from the plant. The oil-laden steam travels into a condensing tube and the essential oil is siphoned off to leave a gentle, aromatic hydrosol. Plant Therapy currently offers seven different organic hydrosols: Roman Chamomile, Helichrysum, Lavender, Melissa, Peppermint, Rose, and Tea Tree.

• Ask Our Experts: Hydrosols

An infusion is the introduction of a new element or quality into something else. When you add dandelions, herbs, or other plant material to a carrier oil and let it sit for a few weeks, an infusion will be the result (not to be confused with essential oil-carrier oil blends).

• What is a Carrier Oil Infusion?

When it comes to ingestion (using essential oils internally), Plant Therapy’s policy is to avoid it. Without careful administration and supervision, ingesting essential oils can cause serious damage. Unless you’re directed by a medical doctor who is also a clinical aromatherapist, we don’t recommend using essential oils internally. Examples of ingestion include adding essential oils to beverages or capsules that are intended to be swallowed.

• Where We Stand on Controversial Topics

We extract isolates from essential oils solely for their aromatic qualities. They are single chemical components, or constituents, that reside within the oils. To capture an isolate, a process called “fractional distillation” repeatedly heats the essential oils to different boiling points and separates the vapors.

• Isolates: What you Need to Know

Designed for children but effective for all, our first-of-its-kind KidSafe line features essential oil blends and singles that target specific childhood issues. These oils are available as 100% pure and undiluted oils, or in pre-diluted roll-on bottles. As parents ourselves, we wanted to create oils that could help support the immune system, clear congestion, soothe excitable young minds, or help them focus. If you want to share the benefits of essential oils with your little ones, there is simply no comparable product on the market. The KidSafe label means that it’s safe for children ages two and up.

• KidSafe: What It Means
• Essential Oils with Infants and Toddlers

If you start looking at the ingredients in perfumes, body sprays, soaps, and cleaning products, you’ll notice the words “fragrance” or “perfume.” This term can really mean a whole cocktail of synthetic ingredients. But with the term “natural fragrance,” you can be sure the ingredients are physically obtained from plants using distillation, expression, or extraction. There is absolutely nothing synthetic about these fragrances.

• Natural Fragrances and Flavors — Explained

Ordering whiskey “neat” means a straight-up glass of nothing but whiskey. So essential oils “neat” means the oils are pure and undiluted. We dilute essential oils because applying them undiluted can lead to painful skin reactions like rashes, burns, immune responses, and more. We don’t recommend going “neat” without medical supervision.

• Why Can’t I Apply Essential Oils Undiluted?

Basically, each essential oil has a note, and that note helps determine how that oil will interact with others. These notes fall into three categories: top, middle, and base. A top note is usually the first thing you’ll notice in a fragrance. They are usually fresh and uplifting and will be the first to evaporate. Middle notes help give body and fullness to a blend. They’re often what holds the blend together and makes it work. Finally, we have the base note. It’s the foundation of your entire blend and will leave a lasting impression.

• Top, Middle and Base Notes: A Comprehensive List

Oleoresin is a type of oil like an absolute or CO2 extraction. It’s the method of extraction that makes it an oleoresin. In the simplest terms, we take something like Vanilla Extract and remove the solvent to create a concentrated oil. While we continue to scour the globe for more sources, Plant Therapy currently offers one incredible stand-alone oleoresin: Copaiba.

The olfactory system consists of the nose, nasal passages, and the mucous membranes that create our sense of smell. So the word “olfactory” for our purposes, simply relates to the fragrances and aromas of our essential oils and other products.

All of Plant Therapy’s essential oils are 100% pure, additive, and filler-free. So what’s the big deal with the organic label? Each organic product is certified through the strict standards of ECOCERT ICO, and accredited through The National Organic Program (NOP). To qualify, we cannot use any Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) when we plant, harvest, or process the oil. Furthermore, the soil where the plants grow must not have been free of prohibited substances for at least three years. No harmful pesticides can be used. Additionally, producing organic products helps preserve biodiversity.

• Organic, Non-Organic: What’s the Difference?
• PT Organic Products

Not the best name, right? Yeah . . . but rest-assured, an orifice reducer is just the device placed in the opening of our essential oil bottles. It reduces the size of the bottle opening (orifice) so that it’s smaller and limits the flow of oil. You’ll also notice that thicker oils, like Vetiver, have a larger reducer to help the drops come out of the bottle a little easier.

In scientific terms, oxidation occurs when an atom, molecule, or ion begins losing electrons due to a chemical reaction. When an essential oil oxidizes, its smell changes and its color can be altered. If moisture gets into your essential oil bottle, it will accelerate the oxidation process. If an essential oil sits on your shelf for many years, it might become thicker, or even solidify, but this typically takes a long time.

This method of diffusion is the simplest way to enjoy essential oils. Passive diffusion is just a fancy way to say “evaporation.” After you place few drops of essential oil on something like a tissue, or in our Diffuser Locket, the oil will diffuse via evaporation, filling the air with the oil’s fragrant molecules.

There are certain essential oils that intensify the effects of sunlight, causing burns, blisters, and discoloration. Basically, phototoxic oils contain chemical constituents that absorb UV light, store it, and release it into the skin. Because reactions can occur up to 18 hours after using the oil, we need to be mindful after applying phototoxic oils. Use the recommended dilution rates for these oils to avoid a phototoxic reaction.

For more info, and a handy dilution chart click here.

Various parts of plants like leaves, peels, roots, and blossoms create oils with different benefits and fragrances. One single type of plant can produce very different oils. Distillations of different portions of the orange tree, for instance, produce Sweet Orange, Neroli, and Petitgrain.

Used topically or diffused, essential oils enter your body and your bloodstream. That means if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding, those oils can affect your little one as well. That’s why Plant Therapy has worked hard to create a Pregnancy & Nursing Safe line of essential oils.

Preservatives like Optiphen ND and Germall Plus prevent the growth of mold, bacteria, and fungus in water-based products. Any product that uses water as an ingredient, like lotions, spray cleaners, and foaming hand soaps will need a preservative.

For help picking out the perfect preservative, click here.

Not all essential oils are safe for your pets. That’s why we continue to work hard to find oils and blends that work safely for your fur babies.

Also known as Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD), sensitization is an allergic immune response. This usually happens when essential oils are applied undiluted. Signs you should watch for include itchiness, rash, eczema, shortness of breath, or tightness in your chest. This is why it is so very important to follow proper dilution guidelines.

This method of extraction is for parts of plants whose therapeutic compounds would be damaged by traditional steam distillation. Solvent extraction uses chemicals like alcohol to extract the volatile elements. This process produces what we refer to as “absolutes.”

We get the vast majority of our essential oils via steam distillation. Passing steam through plant matter releases the essential oils and transports them into a collection vessel where they float on the surface of the water (hydrosol), then we can separate and bottle them.

When you combine two or more substances, and the resulting performance is greater than the sum of their parts, you get what we call a”synergy”. So when we combine several different essential oils, we are creating a synergistically therapeutic beneficial combination, because the interaction between the chemical constituents leads to something new, and greater than the oils used separately. We’re transitioning to rename some of our synergies to simply “blends”, but that doesn’t mean they’ve lost any of their power.

“Therapeutic Grade” is a marketing term that other companies throw around to cast doubt on others’ products. This term is misleading, meaningless, and backed up by absolutely nothing with no certification, research, or testing. It’s 100% make-believe. Instead, look for published test reports (like batch specific GC/MS reports) that show that there are no additives or fillers in the essential oils.

When we talk about essential oils, we’re usually talking about their aromatic properties (how they smell) or their therapeutic properties (how they interact with the body). When a product has “therapeutic properties,” it means that it contains constituents that are used to treat specific diseases. For example, Eucalyptus Globulus is known to have anti-inflammatory properties, so we would say it has a therapeutic property that supports muscle and joint health.

We hope this Essential Oil Glossary has been helpful and is something you can refer back to when continuing your essential education. Our blogs and our educational downloads are always here too if you’re in need of more in-depth descriptions.